Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart.The ventricular septum consists of an inferior muscular and superior membranous portion and is extensively innervated with conducting cardiomyocytes.The membranous portion, which is close to the atrioventricular node, is […]
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) Ischemic heart disease (IHD), is the most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks.The disease is caused by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart. While the symptoms and signs of […]
TAPVC Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) consists of an abnormality of blood flow in which all 4 pulmonary veins drain into systemic veins or the right atrium with or without pulmonary venous obstruction. Systemic and pulmonary venous blood mix in the right atrium. An atrial defect or foramen ovale (part […]
TAPVD Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage The Pulmonary Veins, which carry blood back to the heart after it has circulated through the lungs, are not connected to the left atrium.Instead they are connected to one of the veins from the main circulation so that the blood returning from the lungs drains back to the right […]
Transposition of Great Vessels Transposition of great vessels (TGV) is a group of congenital heart defects involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels: superior and/or inferior venae cavae, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta. Congenital heart diseases involving only the primary arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) belong to a sub-group called […]
Pituitary Gland and its Hormones in Detail While we are going to discuss about pituitary gland and its hormones we have to start with The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans..It is divided into an anterior adenohypophysis and a […]
Signs and Symptoms of Heart Disease Highly Suggestive Symptoms of Heart Disease Major Signs and Symptoms of Heart Diseases are Chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitation, syncope,Pheripheral edema. Less Suggestive Symptoms of Heart Disease In few patients the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Disease may as Fatigue, dizziness, cough, hemoptysis, anorexia, cyanosis, nocturia, sweating, abdominal pain […]
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital disorder in the heart wherein a neonate’s ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Early symptoms are uncommon, but in the first year of life include increased work of breathing and poor weight gain. With age, the PDA may lead to congestive heart failure if […]
Tetrology of Fallot (TOF) Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect which is classically understood to involve four anatomical abnormalities of the heart (although only three of them are always present). It is the most common cyanotic heart defect, and the most common cause of blue baby syndrome.It was described in 1672 by […]
Angina Pectoris in Detail Angina pectoris – commonly known as angina – is chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, due in general to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries.The main cause of Angina pectoris is coronary artery disease, due to atherosclerosis of the arteries feeding the heart. There is a weak […]