Tetrology of Fallot (TOF) Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect which is classically understood to involve four anatomical abnormalities of the heart (although only three of them are always present). It is the most common cyanotic heart defect, and the most common cause of blue baby syndrome.It was described in 1672 by […]
Angina Pectoris in Detail Angina pectoris – commonly known as angina – is chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, due in general to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries.The main cause of Angina pectoris is coronary artery disease, due to atherosclerosis of the arteries feeding the heart. There is a weak […]
Heart Failure (HF) in a View Heart Failure (HF), often called congestive heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF), occurs when the heart is unable to provide sufficient pump action to maintain blood flow to meet the needs of the body.Heart failure means a rate of cardiac output that does not commensurate with the […]
Common Symptoms and Investigations of Urinary system Oliguria Normal urine volume in 24 hours in health and in temperate climates is in a range of 800-2500 ml. A volume less than 400 ml is called oliguria. Anuria : Urine volume < 100ml / 24 hours is called anuria Polyuria : Urine volume > 3 litres / 24 hours is […]
Acne,Acne vulgaris,Cystic acne,Zits,Pimples management Acne, commonly known as pimples, and also known as Acne vulgaris,Cystic acne,Zits.Here a discussion about Pimples management.It is more common and more server, in males than females in their teens. Contrary to belief pimples do not clear spontaneously when maturity is reaches. 6% patients may have the disease continuing up to 25 to 40 years […]
Details about Diabetes Mellitus While we discuss the details about diabetes,here the definition “A COMPLEX DISORDER OF CARBOHYDRATE,FAT AND PROTEIN METABOLISM THAT IS PRIMARILY A RESULT OF A RELATIVE OR COMPLETE LACK OF INSULIN SECRETION BY THE BETA CELLS OF PANCREAS OR OF THE DEFECTS OF INSULIN RECEPTORS”. Classification of Diabetes A. IDDM 10-15% (Type I) B. NIDDM 85-90% […]
Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Diseases Cough A sudden audible expulsion of air from the lungs. Coughing is proceeded by inspiration, the glottis is partially closed and the accessory muscles of expiration contract to expel the air forcibly from the respiratory passages. Coughing is a essential protective response that serves to clear the lungs.Bronchi or trachea […]
Acid and Corrosive Poisoning Acid and corrosive poisoning cause severe burn injury to the mucus membrane and skin. In severe burn circulatory collapse may occur. Common corrosive chemicals Acids Strong acids — the most common are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl, respectively).Some concentrated weak acids, for example formic acid […]
Adrenal glands The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that sit at the top of the kidneys; in humans, the right adrenal gland is triangular shaped, while the left adrenal gland is semilunar shaped. They are chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. They also produce androgens. The adrenal glands affect kidney function through the […]
Ascites The term Ascites defines fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.The condition is also known as peritoneal cavity fluid, peritoneal fluid excess, hydroperitoneum or more archaically as abdominal dropsy.The abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes .Ascites may be accompanied by the general abdominal swelling,hemodilution,edema or a decrease in urinary output. Ascites is a complication of cirrhosis, congestive heart failure,nephrosis,malignant neoplastic […]