Cervical carcinoma
Cervical carcinoma, or cervical cancer, is a cancer that develops in the lining of the cervix. Caused by abnormal cell growth .The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb). The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia, in which abnormal cells begin to appear in the cervical tissue. Over time, if not destroyed or removed, the abnormal cells may become cancer cells and start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and to surrounding areas.
The cervix has two main parts
The ectocervix (also called exocervix)
It is the outer part of the cervix visible during a gynecologic exam. The ectocervix covered with thin, flat cells called squamous cells.
The endocervix
It is the inner part of the cervix that forms a canal that connects the vagina to the uterus. The endocervix covered with column-shaped glandular cells that make mucus.
The squamocolumnar junction (also called the transformation zone) is the border where the endocervix and ectocervix meet. Most cervical cancers begin in this area.
Cervical carcinoma
Causes of Cervical carcinoma
Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.
Types of Cervical carcinoma
The two main types of Cervical carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most cervical cancers (up to 90%) are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers develop from cells in the ectocervix.It is the most common type of cervical cancer, accounting for up to 90% of cases.
Adenocarcinoma is less common, accounting for about 25% of cases.
Adenocarcinoma
Cervical adenocarcinomas develop in the glandular cells of the endocervix. Clear cell adenocarcinoma, also called clear cell carcinoma or mesonephroma, is a rare type of cervical adenocarcinoma.
Sometimes, cervical cancer has features of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma mixed carcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma. Very rarely, cancer develops in other cells in the cervix.
Symptoms of Cervical carcinoma
Many cervical cancer symptoms with other, less serious conditions.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after sexual intercourse or a pelvic exam
Pain during sexual intercourse
Unusual vaginal discharge
Vaginal bleeding after menopause
Persistent pain in the pelvis or lower back
Screening for Cervical carcinoma
If you have a cervix, screening for cervical cancer is an important part of routine health care.
HPV and Pap Test Results
Learn what HPV and Pap test results mean and next steps if a test result is abnormal.
Diagnosis of Cervical carcinoma
Testing is likely to start with a thorough exam of your cervix. A special magnifying instrument, called a colposcope to check for signs of cancer.
During the colposcopic exam, a doctor removes a sample of cervical cells for lab testing. To get the sample might need:
Punch biopsy, which uses a sharp tool to pinch off small samples of cervical tissue.
Endocervical curettage, which uses a small, spoon-shaped instrument, called a curet, or a thin brush to scrape a tissue sample from the cervix.
If the results of these tests are concerning, you might have more tests.
Electrical wire loop / LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure)
which uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire to take a small tissue sample. You receive medicine to numb the area to lessen any discomfort during the procedure.
Cone biopsy
conization, is a procedure that allows your doctor to take deeper layers of cervical cells for testing. May receive medicine to put in a sleep-like state so that you won’t be aware during the procedure.
Stages of of Cervical carcinoma
Stages of Cervical Carcinoma
Stage refers to the extent of your cancer, such as how large the tumor is and if it has spread. Learn about cervical cancer stages, an important factor in deciding your treatment plan.
Stages Image 2
Need other tests to find out the extent of the cancer, also called the stage. Uses the information from staging tests to plan your treatment.
Tests used for cervical cancer staging
Imaging tests
Imaging tests make pictures of the body. They can show the location and size of the cancer. Tests might include X-ray, MRI, CT and positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
Visual examination of your bladder and rectum.
The stages of vaginal cancer range from 1 to 4. The lowest number means that the cancer is only in the cervix. As the numbers get higher, the cancer is more advanced. A stage 4 cervical cancer may have grown to involve nearby organs or spread to other areas of the body.
Childhood Cervical and Vaginal Cancers
Cervical cancer and vaginal cancer are very rare in children. Learn about the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Prevention for Cervical carcinoma
Cervical cancer is highly preventable and curable if detected early.
Reduce the risk of cervical cancer
The HPV vaccine
Receiving a vaccination to prevent HPV infection may reduce your risk of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Ask your health care team if an HPV vaccine is right for you. The HPV vaccine, routine cervical cancer screening, and follow-up treatment can help prevent cervical cancer.
Have routine Pap tests
Pap tests can detect precancerous conditions of the cervix. These conditions monitored or treated in order to prevent cervical cancer. Most medical organizations suggest beginning routine Pap tests at age 21 and repeating them every few years.
Practice safe sex
Reduce your risk of cervical cancer by taking measures to prevent sexually transmitted infections. This may include using a condom every time you have sex and limiting the number of sexual partners you have.
Stop smoking
If you don’t smoke, don’t start. If you do smoke, talk to a health care professional about ways to help you quit.
Treatment for Cervical carcinoma
It depends on the stage of the cancer. Early-stage cancers treated with surgery, while more advanced cancers may require radiation and chemotherapy.
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, such as the stage of the cancer, other health conditions Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of the three.
Treatment options for Cervical carcinoma
Surgery
Small cervical cancers grown beyond the cervix are typically treated with surgery. The size of your cancer, its stage and whether you would like to consider becoming pregnant in the future will determine which operation is best.
Surgery to cut away the cancer only. For a very small cervical cancer, it might be possible to remove all the cancer with a cone biopsy. This procedure involves cutting away a cone-shaped piece of cervical tissue and leaving the rest of the cervix intact. This option may make it possible for you to consider becoming pregnant in the future.
Trachelectomy
Surgery to remove the cervix, called a trachelectomy. A small cervical cancer treated with a radical trachelectomy procedure. This procedure removes the cervix and some surrounding tissue. The uterus remains after this procedure, so it may be possible to become pregnant, if chosen.
Hysterectomy
Surgery to remove the cervix and uterus, called hysterectomy . Most cervical cancers not spread beyond the cervix treated with a radical hysterectomy operation. This involves removing the cervix, uterus, part of the vagina and nearby lymph nodes. A hysterectomy can often cure the cancer and stop it from coming back. But removing the uterus makes it impossible to become pregnant.
Minimally invasive hysterectomy may be an option for very small cervical cancers that have not spread, known as microinvasive cancers. This procedure involves making several small cuts in the abdomen rather than one large cut. People who have minimally invasive surgery tend to recover faster and spend less time in the hospital. But some research has found that minimally invasive hysterectomy may be less effective than traditional hysterectomy. If you’re considering minimally invasive surgery, discuss the benefits and risks of this approach with your surgeon.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. Radiation therapy often combined with chemotherapy as the primary treatment for cervical cancers that have grown beyond the cervix after surgery if there’s an increased risk that the cancer will come back.
Externally
External beam radiation therapy. A radiation beam is directed at the affected area of the body.
Internally
Brachytherapy. A device filled with radioactive material placed inside the vagina, usually for only a few minutes.
Both externally and internally
If you haven’t started menopause, radiation therapy might cause menopause. Ask your health care team about ways to preserve your eggs before treatment.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. For cervical cancer that has spread beyond the cervix, low doses of chemotherapy are often combined with radiation therapy. This is because chemotherapy may enhance the effects of the radiation. Higher doses of chemotherapy might be recommended to help control symptoms of very advanced cancer. Chemotherapy may be used before surgery to reduce the size of the cancer.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Targeted therapy is usually combined with chemotherapy. It might be an option for advanced cervical cancer.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps your immune system kill cancer cells. Immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn’t be in the body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells. For cervical cancer, immunotherapy might be considered when the cancer is advanced and other treatments aren’t working.
Palliative care
Palliative care is a special type of health care that helps better when a serious illness. It can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A team that can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals provides palliative care. The team’s goal is to improve quality of life for you and your family.
Provide an extra layer of support while ongoing cancer treatment. palliative care at the same time as strong cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Using palliative care along with all the other appropriate treatments can help people with cancer feel better and live longer.
Risk factors of Cervical carcinoma
Smoking
Smoking tobacco increases the risk of cervical cancer. When HPV infections happen in people who smoke, the infections tend to last longer and are less likely to go away. HPV causes most cervical cancers.
DNA damage: Chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the DNA of cervical cells.
HPV infections: Smoking weakens the immune system’s ability to fight HPV infections.
Genetic changes: Chemicals in tobacco smoke cause genetic changes in cervical cells.
Sexless partnership or minimal sex
a sexless marriage (according to “The Social Organization of Sexuality”) is when couples aren’t engaging in sexual activity or are having minimal sexual encounters.
Dr. Rachel Becker-Warner, a relationship and sex therapist from the Program in Human Sexuality at the University of Minnesota, defines it as “any partnership where sexual intimacy occurs 10 times or less within a year period.” However, she also points out that “the difficulty with that definition is the subjectivity of ‘sexual intimacy’ and the concrete stipulation on frequency.”
Research stating that some psychological hormones and chemical messengers of brain are relating with so many issues even life threatening later, including carcinoma progressively due to lack of happiness and pleasure and the sexless periods tend to and it is the root cause as behind due to
Dealing with an illness
Experiencing significant body changes
Having an unresolved conflict
High levels of stress
Feeling constantly worried
Increasing number of sexual partners
The greater your number of sexual partners, and the greater your partner’s number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of getting HPV.
HPV transmission
HPV is a sexually transmitted infection, and having multiple partners increases the likelihood of acquiring it.
High-risk HPV strains
Certain strains of HPV are considered high-risk and are more likely to cause cervical cancer.
Early sexual activity
Having sex at an early age increases your risk of HPV
Other sexually transmitted infections
Having other sexually transmitted infections, also called STIs, increases the risk of HPV, which can lead to cervical cancer. Other STIs that increase the risk include herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and HIV/AIDS.
A weakened immune system
You may be more likely to develop cervical cancer if your immune system is weakened by another health condition and you have HPV
Exposure to miscarriage prevention medicine
If your parent took a medicine called diethylstilbestrol, also known as DES, while pregnant, your risk of cervical cancer might be increased. This medicine was used in the 1950s to prevent miscarriage. It’s linked to a type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma.
Persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and Being HIV positive.
Prognosis of Cervical carcinoma
Learn about cervical cancer survival rates and why this statistic doesn’t predict exactly what will happen to you.
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